中国城市贫困状况研究：聚焦外来务工人员

：摘要近年来，随着农业人口快速转移和城镇化快速推进，中国城市的低收入群体不断增加，城市贫困问题日益严重。本书在对城市贫困理论、国内外城市贫困状况及其治理经验进行深入探讨的基础上，通过问卷调查，重点研究考察了中国城市外来务工人员的贫困状况及其应对策略，以期为中国城市反贫困和全面小康社会建设提供参考。本书将中国的城市贫困界定为发生在城市地区的覆盖城市常住人口而非仅仅城市户籍居民的贫困。初步估计发现，2014年中国城市贫困人口在6000万—7500万之间，其中户籍贫困人口1800万左右，外来贫困人口4200万—5700万。本书选取北京和深圳两个城市作为典型样本城市，通过对外来务工人员居住相对集中的社区和企业进行随机抽样调查，共收回有效问卷1305份。调查结果显示，以当地居民当年人均消费支出的50%作为贫困标准，综合贫困发生率约为20.15%。城市外来务工贫困人口生存状况表现出以下特征：一是工资水平低，工作时间长，技术含量低。二是居住面积狭小，且生活配套设施较落后。三是参与社会保障的比重和水平均低于城市居民，由此加剧了他们的贫困程度。四是子女没有在务工地接受教育的比重较高。调查还发现外来务工人员致贫原因以代际传递、工作技能较低和伤病等为主。立足外来务工贫困人口现状，围绕政策需求，针对中国反贫困政策中对城市外来务工人员贫困问题的关注缺失，本书提出按照“全面帮扶、精准帮扶、幸福迁移、多方参与”的思路，加强城市外来务工人员贫困治理，搞好城乡贫困统筹治理的顶层设计，积极推进实施救助、预防、开发和成长“四位一体”的全面帮扶计划，加快完善外来务工人员政策体系，鼓励和引导幸福迁移，推动多方参与，防止农村贫困向城市转移，全面解决我国贫困问题。Abstract：In the rapid process of urbanization in recent years，the low-income groups in urban China continue increasing，and then the urban poverty has become increasingly serious. This book studies the urban poverty theory and the urban poverty in other countries，and studies the urban poverty status and the poverty alleviation strategies focused on the migrant workers by the questionnaire survey，in order to provide proposals for anti-poverty in urban China and Building a Moderately Prosperous Society.This book defines China’s urban poverty as the poverty including overall urban residents rather than just the local hukou residents. According to initial estimates，in 2014，the population of China’s urban povertyis about 60 million-75 million，of which about 18 million local hukou residents and 42 million-57 million migrants.This book selects Shenzhen and Beijing as the typical sample cities. A total of 1305 valid questionnaires were collected by random sampling survey from the communities and enterprises where the migrant workers concentrated. The survey results show that with the poverty standard（that is 50% of the average urban consumption expenditure），the incidence of poverty is about 20.15%. The living conditions of the poor migrant workers include four aspects.First，wage is low，working hours is long and technical level is low. Second，the living area is small and the supporting living facilities are outdated. Third，the proportion and level of participation in social security is lower than the local hukou residents，which worsen their situation.Fourth，high proportion of migrant children are not educated in their migrant parents’ working cities. The survey also found that the mainly causes of migrant poverty are the intergenerational transmission，the low skills，and the injuries and so on.Based on the current status of migrant poverty and their policy demand，in light of the lack of concern for the urban migrant poverty in China’s anti-poverty policies，this book proposes to strengthen urban migrant poverty governance with the strategy “taking overall support and assistance，implementing accurate assistance，guiding happy migration，encouraging multi-sides participation”. Specifically，we need to speed up the top-level design for the overall governance of urban and rural poverty，actively promote the implementation of the “Four-in-One”aid plan including “relief，prevention，development and growth”，improve the policy system for the migrant workers，encourage and guide the happy migration，promote the multi-sides participation，prevent the poverty problem transferring from rural China to urban China and completely solve the poverty problem in China.

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