欧盟对华海洋政策与实践：早期发展和新动向

摘要：欧盟处理海洋事务的权能来自成员国的让渡。《里斯本条约》对欧盟涉海专属权能和共享权能有明确规定。对外涉海政策具体由欧盟外交事务和安全政策高级代表以及对外行动署执行。欧盟理事会海洋法工作组是协调联盟所有海洋法事务的专门机构。欧盟对华交往中第一次提及海洋事务是1995年。欧盟早期对华涉海事务的主要诉求是双边海运合作，南海问题有所提及，东海问题则从未提及。自2007年开始，欧盟推行积极介入域外海洋事务战略。与此同时，东亚海洋形势出现新态势，东海、南海问题成为欧盟新阶段对外关系中涉华经常性议题，重点是南海问题。在欧盟对华政策性文件，中欧领导人会晤文件，欧盟与美国、日本、越南、菲律宾、东盟双边文件，以及七国集团相关文件和其他国际场合中，东海、南海问题一再被提及。欧盟对华文件和中欧领导人会晤文件聚焦海洋合作，其他文件则侧重于中国对南海、东海形势带来的挑战，强调通过第三方争端解决方式（特别是《联合国海洋法公约》附件七仲裁）解决相关争议。欧盟的上述态度在2016年7月之后出现明显回调。总体上，欧盟与中国建交40多年，涉华海洋事务进入议事日程是近20多年的故事。2012年至2016年，受多种因素影响，欧盟在东海、南海问题上表现一度强势。它在东海、南海问题上体现出模糊性、阶段性、集体行动、与中国利益相悖和重视国际法在涉海事务中的作用等特点。与此同时，特别是2012年以来，中欧海洋合作的需求和趋势也越来越明显，双方已同意构建“中欧蓝色伙伴关系”，中欧海洋合作前景广阔。关键词：欧盟；海洋政策与实践；中国；东海、南海问题；蓝色伙伴关系Abstract:The European Union's competence for maritime affairs is transferred by its Member States.The Lisbon Treaty expressly provides that the Union has exclusive competence for certain maritime matters and shares competence with its Member States for certain other maritime matters.The Union's foreign maritime policy is implemented by the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and the European External Action Services（EEAS）.The EU established the Council's Working Party on the Law of the Sea（COMAR）to,as a special body,coordinate all related affairs within the Union.The maritime affairs occurred on the agenda of the EU relations with China for the first time in 1995.The main claim of the EU was about bilateral maritime transport cooperation on the early stage.The South China Sea issue was mentioned sometimes,and the East China Sea issue never.Since 2007,the EU has carried out the strategy of proactive engagement in extra-territorial maritime affairs.At the same time,new situations emerged in East Asia's maritime areas,the East and South China Seas issues have become a Chinarelated topic frequently discussed in the EU foreign relations in the new phase,with a focus on the South China Sea issue.The East and South China Seas issues have been re peatedly mentioned in the EU policy documents on China,EU-China summit documents,EU's bilateral documents with the US,Japan,Vietnam,the Philippines,and the ASEAN,and related documents of the G7 and at other international occasions.The EU policy documents on China and the EU-China Summit documents focus on maritime cooperation.Other documents,however,underline that what China do may be challenges to the East and South China Seas situations,emphasizing that the related disputes should be settled through the third-party dispute settlement means,especially Annex VII arbitration of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea（UNCLOS）.The EU's related attitudes experienced an obvious back-adjustment after July 2016.In general,maritime affairs occurs on the EU's foreign agenda is only a story of nearly 20 years since the EU established formal diplomatic relations with China more than 40 years ago.Due to various factors,the EU was once strong on the East and South China Seas issues between 2012 and 2016.The EU has demonstrated some characteristics on the East and South China Seas issues,such as its attitudes are vague and evolving,it usually acts collectively with the US and others,its performance conflicts with China's rights and interests,and it attaches importance to the role of international law in maritime affairs.Meanwhile,especially after 2012,the demand and trend of EU-China maritime cooperation have become more and more evident.The two sides have agreed on a EU-China Blue Partnership for the oceans,and EU-China maritime cooperation has bright prospects.Keywords: EU,Maritime Policy and Practice,China,East and South China Seas Issues,Blue Partnership for Oceans

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